tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50975914798641670982024-02-18T23:31:39.961-08:00Fortress of Solitude: an antarctic deployment blogRogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-11424826953379301162015-01-20T23:56:00.000-08:002015-01-20T23:56:07.762-08:00Lock and load!I have now left the South Pole, although the last 72 hours were a blur of occasional cat-naps as I struggled to get the rest of my work done. This final push is a common experience there, and was certainly my experience the last time I went as well. The moment I sat down on our "herc" to fly out, I was out cold until we arrived in McMurdo Sound.<br />
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As a result of my efforts and that of my colleagues, we now have 3 cameras on the sky, seeing "first light" over this past weekend. Two are now on Keck Array, set to map the sky at the "blue" 220GHz, and the much larger BICEP-3, set to map the sky at the "red" 95GHz.</div>
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Above is a time-lapse video of us loading BICEP-3 into the mount, spanning about 1 hour of work. You don't see me much because I'm the one in the back turing the wench and actually lifting the camera (1200 lbs) up into place. I like this slightly blurred photo that someone took of me:</div>
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You also don't see the 3-4 people up in the mount watching to make sure the camera does not crush any cables or lines during lifting. Here's an artistically modified photo of some of them working on that, made to look like a comic book drawing:</div>
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Finally, a photo of the gang experiencing "first light" of BICEP-3 on Tuesday:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiITmVWY3B9-q4ap3NNBPXyfxA4PuesLcCl7hDETG5qdENQ7xyMfMCjbxbZO_5Ty4jnFquMjyKTObjZZhyphenhyphen5L23HGxd9xkhyqGyWfDnz7-gtz3QKIVoqMJ4RuQwxSX641kdR6THbNVKFg_/s1600/IMG_2651.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiITmVWY3B9-q4ap3NNBPXyfxA4PuesLcCl7hDETG5qdENQ7xyMfMCjbxbZO_5Ty4jnFquMjyKTObjZZhyphenhyphen5L23HGxd9xkhyqGyWfDnz7-gtz3QKIVoqMJ4RuQwxSX641kdR6THbNVKFg_/s1600/IMG_2651.jpeg" /></a></div>
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I missed out on that, although I did get to watch one of the Keck-220s turn on. This happened the same evening that our friends on the Event Horizon Telescope turned on and made a quick low-resolution map of the center of our galaxy. As is the custom, we all drank a celebratory wee dram. And as I described earlier, we enjoy a healthy camaraderie with our DSL colleagues (in this context, Event Horizon is an extension of the South Pole Telescope)</div>
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As of now, all three cameras "work" inasmuch that they can look at the sky without the sky appearing too bright and saturating the sensors. The team is currently in the process of characterizing how they work, and the results of these measurements will be used when analyzing the maps made by the camera as well as for understanding any flaws so we can fabricate better detectors in the future. Now it's time for science</div>
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-1238553972671825112015-01-19T23:22:00.000-08:002015-01-19T23:22:00.722-08:00The Traverse<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I was recently asked “How does the station here generate
electricity?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer,
unsurprisingly, is that we burn fuel to run generators, heat the buildings,
melt ice into water, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Historically,
the fuel was delivered by aircraft-- LC-130 skier planes fly from McMurdo to
Pole with far more fuel than they need and unload some when on the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, airlifting fuel is not that efficient: each flight
can only deliver 1/3 of its fuel at best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Starting 12 years ago, the Antarctic Programs began building a Highway
from McMurdo to the South Pole so they could use large tractors to drag bags
(“bladders”) of fuel across the ice (seen arriving at the South Pole Station in the picture below).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are currently three traverses per season, and each delivers 100,000 gallons
of fuel to the station, which nearly satisfies the station needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They get the last 100,000 gallons from a
dozen planes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The route that the traverse takes is a bit different that
the route taken by the early explorers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Amundsen, Scott, and Shakleton all chose routes that were nearly direct
shots from the Ross Sea, scaling glaciers in the Trans-antarctic
Mountains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The modern traverse path
circumvents much of the mountains and ascends a 15% grade on the side of the
continent nearest South America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Map_of_the_McMurdo-South_Pole_highway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Map_of_the_McMurdo-South_Pole_highway.jpg" height="267" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This route also minimizes the number of crevaces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crevaces at the edges of glaciers can be
perilous, and the traverse uses ground radar to watch for them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When found, they dynamite them to clear out
snow bridges and then use their trucks to shovel in snow fill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is a constant maintenance task.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">In addition to the fuel bladders, they drag a few RV-style living quarters. These contain a small kitchenette, a bathroom
and shower, and sets of bunk-beds. Their
living quarters are far less rugged than I envisioned.</span><!--EndFragment-->
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-83058513124006226852015-01-02T06:11:00.000-08:002015-01-03T06:33:11.551-08:00SPIDER launched<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">After nearly a
decade of preparation, SPIDER launched today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You can see a video of the launch here:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/yaYqKqeBuHo?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I described what
they were up to in this <a href="http://solitudefortressof.blogspot.com/2014/12/antarctic-spiders.html" target="_blank">blog-post</a> a few weeks back. While I don't directly work on this project, I and many others loosely connected to the project really want to see it <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">succeed. This is the proving grounds for a future satellite mission using the technology that I have worked really hard on for years now. Regardless of the science that comes out of this mission, if all goes according to plan, they will have demonstrated a huge technological leap forward.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">My colleagues
down in McMurdo are now frantically communicating with the balloon by radio to
try to get all the electronics tuned up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many of the detection systems cannot be tuned until they are at high
altitude, and while that team has worked very hard at automating this, they
still need some human intervention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
there’s a limited time because once the balloon passes over the horizon (about
48 hours), it must function nearly autonomously.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once out of sight, their bandwidth for
communication isn’t much better than sending a “tweet” every few minutes. (as of Jan 5, all systems are "go".)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">They will be
mapping this region of sky, shown at left and outlined in white a figure from a recent paper:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIYui13SX_U_IRWrnZO1o9HTqbzzhvfB90oY52ooL_tfBBbVL-UZAAK-h3EjPosfjHLtc097fXUvET_ElLdx_VZvB8qHsgql7yrrwnd0eYTKTN13Pldm_jP9XeDT_D8mgeEmcG1_PfE_ws/s1600/2_SashaSpiderScanSPIE.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIYui13SX_U_IRWrnZO1o9HTqbzzhvfB90oY52ooL_tfBBbVL-UZAAK-h3EjPosfjHLtc097fXUvET_ElLdx_VZvB8qHsgql7yrrwnd0eYTKTN13Pldm_jP9XeDT_D8mgeEmcG1_PfE_ws/s1600/2_SashaSpiderScanSPIE.png" height="216" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The colors in the background show a </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">model of</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> dust from our galaxy and you can see what we've focused on with the BICEP and Keck telescopes in the grey box in the lower right. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">So their map will be much larger,
albeit not as deep (i.e. more noise in each part of the map than we have). But that should let them look at larger modes
on the sky, which will be exciting.</span>Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-81636234976039357512015-01-02T05:57:00.002-08:002015-01-02T05:57:35.638-08:00Happy New Years from the South Pole<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_62S8V98_Eln62aRug7prSG5TzEUJBlBM1UWsPO_azLm9Akze_QoN_qRBFYIOPg0bK3dHIAGy0ZYADktt8d9SLd6_e_rxbPJ7bKBl0uqFIrU9B4EHOA3VUCNGYiBx0SeGJWgZ5tzAafg/s1600/south_pole_holidays.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_62S8V98_Eln62aRug7prSG5TzEUJBlBM1UWsPO_azLm9Akze_QoN_qRBFYIOPg0bK3dHIAGy0ZYADktt8d9SLd6_e_rxbPJ7bKBl0uqFIrU9B4EHOA3VUCNGYiBx0SeGJWgZ5tzAafg/s1600/south_pole_holidays.jpeg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Our time-zone is completely
arbitrary down here, but since operations for McMurdo and South Pole are
coordinated through Christchurch, we’re on New Zealand time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This puts us just on the other side of the
date-line and makes us one of the first to celebrate the New Years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">We managed to get all three
of our new cameras cooling down by the New Years so we could enjoy the holiday
and maybe work at a slightly lighter pace over the next week.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This includes two small cameras that will go
into Keck Array and let us map at a color (220GHz) where galactic dust is
bright and then one large camera that will provide lots of sensitivity at a
color (90GHz) where we can ignore dust.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We will begin characterizing them in a week or so once cold enough to
operate and then hopefully load them into their mounts a week yet later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">To celebrate, we did some
sledding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the terrible bandwidth
here, I managed to get a video to load overnight:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/pNEXOeuasAI?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">I’m guessing this one got
through because everyone else on base was recovering from New Years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-44434086587694388262014-12-28T04:28:00.000-08:002015-01-03T06:07:57.250-08:00The Event Horizon Telescope<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://bicepkeck.org/media/BICEP2%20sunset__BICEP2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://bicepkeck.org/media/BICEP2%20sunset__BICEP2.jpg" height="267" style="-webkit-user-select: none;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
picture above shows the South Pole Telescope, photobombing our's (BICEP-2) in
the foreground. Normally, the South Pole Telescope takes measurements of
the microwave background (similar to us), but they are in the process of adding
a second camera to allow them to join a world-wide network of telescopes called
the Event Horizont Telescope (EHT) to study the black hole at the center of our
galaxy. As you can tell from the length
of this post, this is one of my favorite projects that I have no involvement
with.</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When
you throw an object in the air, it normally comes crashing back down. But
throw it hard enough, giving it what we call the escape velocity, and it will
sail off into space. This is how NASA launches rockets to other planets.
If you stood on something much larger than Earth like the sun or Jupiter
(never mind that they're balls of gas), you'd have to throw it much harder </span><span style="font-size: 16px;">than you would on Earth </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">to
reach the escape velocity. But we're told in school that nothing can go
faster than the speed of light, nature's ultimate speed limit. What would
happen if we stood on something so massive that the escape velocity was more
than the speed of light?</span><br />
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This
is the concept behind a black hole, something so massive that even light cannot
escape if it strays too close. You can mentally draw a sphere around a
black hole called the event horizon. Anything that passes inside of that
sphere, even light, will feel such as strong gravitational pull that it cannot
escape and gets sucked down the hole; outside, things can, in principle, still
escape. It's a stellar point of no return. Mind you, the light
within the event horizon does not stop and then fall back inward like a baseball-- it must
always travel at the speed of light and cannot slow down. But any path the light might travel is bent
to lead it back into the hole. This is possible because the rules of
geometry both inside and immediately surrounding the event horizon are altered
from the “Euclidian” geometry we learned in high school.</span><br />
<br />
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Scientists strongly suspect that these things must exist, and are pretty certain that
most galaxies, including ours, have a supermassive black hole at the center.
The one in the center of our galaxy is named Sagittarius A*
(Sgr-A*). However, we are limited in
studying how these things look and operate, partially because black holes, by
their very nature, pull in light and do not glow the way a typical star does.
Black holes also act like galactic vacuum machines, sucking in dust from
all around them. As a result, they tend to be surrounded in a hazy cloud
of dust that also cloaks the surrounding space.</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<!--StartFragment--><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/300px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="614" data-file-width="512" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/300px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png" height="320" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/450px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Galactic_centre_orbits.svg/600px-Galactic_centre_orbits.svg.png 2x" width="265" /></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This
effect is also the key to how astronomers have gained knowledge about black
holes. While we cannot see through the dust with light visible to the
eye, astronomers have been using infrared telescopes to peer through the dust
and study Sgr-A*. They have mapped the trajectories of stars near
Sgr-A* to realize there is something invisible lurking there that is several
million times more massive than our sun that flings other stars around it at
highly elliptical orbits, as seen at right.</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In
principle, even longer wavelengths can let us see deeper into the dust
cloud. But there's a catch to going to
longer wavelengths: you cannot resolve as fine features on the sky as you can
with short wavelengths. To compensate, you can build a large dish to regain some
resolution. But what if you could build a dish nearly the size of Earth?</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: small;">That's
the idea behind the Event Horizon Telescope: link up a network of millimeter
wavelength telescopes across the globe to observe at the same time, recording
onto computers not only the brightness of the light they see, but also the
phase. The phase tells us if the light waves are at peaks, troughs, or
somewhere between, whereas the brightness is essentially the height of the
peaks and troughs. Once recorded and brought to a common computer, the
data can be combined in a way where all the telescopes act like small pieces of
one giant mirror. The fact that these are millimeter waves means that
with really sophisticated hardware, you can actually record brightness and
phase to a computer, whereas this would be impractical with infrared or shorter
wavelengths. To do this requires specialized cameras and sensors, as well as ultra-precise atomic clocks at each location to </span>ensure that observations are synchronized.<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.as.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/eht_sites.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://www.as.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/eht_sites.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size: small;">The
South Pole Telescope is the most remote in the network, and as seen above, its inclusion
greatly increases the size of the effective area to be roughly that of the
Earth. Currently, the network can resolve features comparable to Sgr-A*'
s event horizon, hence the name of the project.
This would appear about as large as a grapefruit on the surface of the
moon, viewed from Earth. With the
inclusion of the South Pole, they will be able to see features over five times
smaller—about the size of a golf-ball on the moon viewed from Earth. Light just outside the event horizon should
orbit many times before being flung off, which means that the black hole should
look like a dark spot surrounded by a thin bright ring of light.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">For the recent movie, <i>Interstellar</i>, </span><span style="font-size: small;"> physicists at my home institution (Caltech) simulated and graphically rendered </span><span style="font-size: small;">a </span>black-hole, shown below:<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/10/23/1414078159494_wps_10_interstellar_black__hole_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/10/23/1414078159494_wps_10_interstellar_black__hole_.jpg" height="216" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">The event horizon is within that black void and has a radius known as the Schwarzchild radius. </span>You can see that thin bright ring surrounding the black void. If the South Pole installation of the Event Horizon Telescope succeeds, they may be able to see that ring. And then they could test the very concrete prediction of the theory of relativity that this should be a perfect circle with a radius 1.5 times larger than the Schwarzchild radius. Performing such a test would be really cool!Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-60692812976366424192014-12-27T05:44:00.000-08:002014-12-27T05:44:29.043-08:00Focal Plane Installed<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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We finally completed the installation of BICEP-3’s focal
plane the day after Christmas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The optics (two lenses) in
our camera cast a magnified image of the sky onto this place, which we stuff
full of detectors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxNmDgdJ2eh9bEf_AYne2T44dwRUxGGtah0CYKtMJ0IALEWz_DN1eTHCef9PoXa9uXLwPBxrfuMS9fP8MXZfmBXJwHASK_8nm4K1D6KPDMeFu57spDFWwUJwJqcQWYax2XuVmbKJcJ7XK2/s1600/IMG_0267.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxNmDgdJ2eh9bEf_AYne2T44dwRUxGGtah0CYKtMJ0IALEWz_DN1eTHCef9PoXa9uXLwPBxrfuMS9fP8MXZfmBXJwHASK_8nm4K1D6KPDMeFu57spDFWwUJwJqcQWYax2XuVmbKJcJ7XK2/s1600/IMG_0267.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEistrtfHr-bss80pUV7XfEFVLFFQcaOh3NuT7YrX50gHEEOMi6-ohBlYfuXYUV5joXFVtbT9It4rzLIplcbI29rVlkTzeYNHOb_LlTvvy5Uk7k3mSl8oAR3SWxQpFT2Of9B9a26gsPeKZyR/s1600/IMG_2182.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEistrtfHr-bss80pUV7XfEFVLFFQcaOh3NuT7YrX50gHEEOMi6-ohBlYfuXYUV5joXFVtbT9It4rzLIplcbI29rVlkTzeYNHOb_LlTvvy5Uk7k3mSl8oAR3SWxQpFT2Of9B9a26gsPeKZyR/s1600/IMG_2182.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assembling this
has been my main task (as well as three other peoples’) for the past couple
weeks since I arrived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> There's a couple of us at work above. </span>Those nine boxes
(or “modules”) each contain 64 pixels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because
they are delicate and we did not want them to get held up in New Zealand
customs, I had to “hand-carry” them down here, taking them as carry-on in a
hard-case that looks like something out of a cold-war spy movie. </span>It's customary to give goofy nicknames to important hardware, and we're considering naming each of the nine modules after a Supreme Court justice (can you think of any other things that come in sets of nine?)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">You’ll notice
that there’s room for another 12 around the edge, and next year we’ll bring
down another 11 (we don’t have enough wires in the camera to read out the last
one).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For now, however, we will just
have nine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> (I suppose when we add the others, we'll either have to change our nickname scheme or call it "packing the court"). </span>The next immediate steps from
here are to add lenses in front of the detectors and insulation around them so
we can cool them to -450F. We hope to be cooling down in the next couple days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Those
detectors need to be made even colder than the lenses, and we keep them cold by having successive
“stages” at progressively lower stages, kind of like how one dresses in layers
on a cold day to more easily stay at a different (albeit warmer) temperature. You can see the final stages of that here</span><!--EndFragment--></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio1PuavbiDggrtf2ieEDF0hOQ3NPy6PiWtAD7RjbD8-8pDcpYxRibkzB-RPf9u-96rFYDpgya_f9a-MWd3Z3yyIzNig9f-EElYt08nCJttrqMYKJFEdfi0Be3Gbu188ARbpduCXgMfpdUH/s1600/IMG_2188.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio1PuavbiDggrtf2ieEDF0hOQ3NPy6PiWtAD7RjbD8-8pDcpYxRibkzB-RPf9u-96rFYDpgya_f9a-MWd3Z3yyIzNig9f-EElYt08nCJttrqMYKJFEdfi0Be3Gbu188ARbpduCXgMfpdUH/s1600/IMG_2188.JPG" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">We call this </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">structure</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> "the </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">wedding cake" (another goofy nickname) because of it's stacked multiple stages. Here's a couple of us having some fun with that name during installation.</span></div>
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<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexxc0PpAaOxfjC-hspMZatBryfkgw9rI3QZA50vXOz6QaoLZWDxAWYya40NqcOljw_M2VImVRM9yYChMm8C3WzlVYllgD6J9jchVrggGLUGClNpek1eC1x_hmgjX2rVQQ63c_rjBIqiXI/s1600/IMG_2163.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexxc0PpAaOxfjC-hspMZatBryfkgw9rI3QZA50vXOz6QaoLZWDxAWYya40NqcOljw_M2VImVRM9yYChMm8C3WzlVYllgD6J9jchVrggGLUGClNpek1eC1x_hmgjX2rVQQ63c_rjBIqiXI/s1600/IMG_2163.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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The installation wasn't all smooth sailing. You can see the clips in the top picture that I had to improvise and machine last minute to hold the filters in place. I also had to open one of the detector boxes and re-wire it to avoid some electrical cross-shorts. You can see me threading the "wire-bonder" machine below that I used to make these fixes:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha1rM6DIyr0dsqYiFheSUUKdhB14eJs1ZDo3-lPgxhhjrgpV8iHwfT-oOSUoUH2qxoNiX_wdZT3LciOFkDrBXZrcCqxSeT7hw5L_qewEUmWIcyO1K5Yy7ikkrsJ9bJRTGN4xiyXRH5FA9o/s1600/IMG_2221.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha1rM6DIyr0dsqYiFheSUUKdhB14eJs1ZDo3-lPgxhhjrgpV8iHwfT-oOSUoUH2qxoNiX_wdZT3LciOFkDrBXZrcCqxSeT7hw5L_qewEUmWIcyO1K5Yy7ikkrsJ9bJRTGN4xiyXRH5FA9o/s1600/IMG_2221.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-28067335059942504752014-12-23T11:46:00.001-08:002014-12-28T04:29:22.822-08:00Penguin for Liam<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hey Liam, I
found you a penguin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was outside of
the coffee-house in McMurdo station and has come to the South Pole with me to
help out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMvFE9oxT83M4anQ78Hw-ZYsfTCH3uyiwdfKiCtWioIS_ZZTzXVk8UXP-lJuSreuPTqtuWVVhsJmWgGX8nSZEBD6rS90YEjDM3yfOxW3DFFJzlkhkBFz-mRFs-FZS96ef0iWLmUQCzgLG/s1600/penguin_mcmurdo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMvFE9oxT83M4anQ78Hw-ZYsfTCH3uyiwdfKiCtWioIS_ZZTzXVk8UXP-lJuSreuPTqtuWVVhsJmWgGX8nSZEBD6rS90YEjDM3yfOxW3DFFJzlkhkBFz-mRFs-FZS96ef0iWLmUQCzgLG/s1600/penguin_mcmurdo.JPG" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
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Here he is advising us on the fridge. Since he's from a cold climate, he has natural expertise in cryogenics:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLW7-74rSURATblhiOTO9qnsW719BPiAX6X7FKHjNszdcGdjV-E9Sbil_8g0pJYPEtzgPXSOflSDBhfWWz7eMSinl1Ooq49Qt6w7R8B4OJkGfca-R5FqnhRUZ9KSA4defgvo0fq4LNyuVR/s1600/penguin_fridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLW7-74rSURATblhiOTO9qnsW719BPiAX6X7FKHjNszdcGdjV-E9Sbil_8g0pJYPEtzgPXSOflSDBhfWWz7eMSinl1Ooq49Qt6w7R8B4OJkGfca-R5FqnhRUZ9KSA4defgvo0fq4LNyuVR/s1600/penguin_fridge.JPG" height="179" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">When we’re done here, I’ll bring him home to you.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">What should we name him?</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I’ll post photos of him from time-to-time.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note to anyone
from the US Antarctic Program eves-dropping on this: in case it isn’t obvious,
this is a plush-toy, not a real penguin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note to everyone
else: the US is one of many countries to have signed the Antarctic Treaty
designed to preserve the pristine wilderness on the continent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Signatories make no territorial claims and do
not recognize others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Military is kept
off the continent except in support of scientific research missions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And individuals are not supposed to export
materials from the continent, alive or inanimate without permission from
regulatory bodies that ensure those materials are for scientific research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-84966255785822660522014-12-19T11:32:00.001-08:002014-12-19T11:32:29.673-08:00The world's largest particle detector<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The other large
balloon in the works out at McMurdo was ANITA-3, which flew earlier this week. When we were in McMurdo, my colleague Abby Vieregg gave us a tour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ANITA (<span style="color: #1c1c1c;">Antarctic
Impulsive Transient Antenna)</span> is flying over Antarctica and looking for
radio signals from two sources:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ultra
high-energy cosmic neutrinos hitting the ice below.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: -0.25in;">Cosmic
rays crashing into the atmosphere above the ice</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neutrinos are
very light neutral particles that are notoriously difficult to detect, and no
one has ever seen the ultra high-energy variety before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cosmic Rays are an old fashioned name for
high-energy protons of still unknown origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisEQsjZ5Zo2kDcfSJT4E0RObzG9Do_O30SP1AIpfnItQC3uMUnEyKexT7PmJbrCQX_amsIYG5kHuv262PKwU7c2kEnxy5rvo6P0mNFXc9wOLW7GGopBez82xwzZrX9sjdo3FI9QgbMZ6AZ/s1600/Anita3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisEQsjZ5Zo2kDcfSJT4E0RObzG9Do_O30SP1AIpfnItQC3uMUnEyKexT7PmJbrCQX_amsIYG5kHuv262PKwU7c2kEnxy5rvo6P0mNFXc9wOLW7GGopBez82xwzZrX9sjdo3FI9QgbMZ6AZ/s1600/Anita3.jpg" height="320" width="209" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The picture above shows the ANITA balloon payload (taken from an article run in the Economist), and it looks like a Christmas tree of
antennas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each of those square fixtures
is an antenna designed to look at 300MHz-1GHz frequencies-- near where your
cell phone operates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the picture, the
payload is going through a “hang test” to check both weight and mechanical
integrity prior to launch.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xPHK71H0Epd4Wl3q7Ss_nwfdFshG0Er_h3afZh_ETrgGnxs9VEAAB0QHYXikp3Spwm3cHFEXlnMUdSjDHHYboKtmFIhWw0_mhFDrkZ5ZIibCl8yoT0UHCh-ohQPHrmPRUslpKp3Q2YO8/s1600/IMG_1785.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xPHK71H0Epd4Wl3q7Ss_nwfdFshG0Er_h3afZh_ETrgGnxs9VEAAB0QHYXikp3Spwm3cHFEXlnMUdSjDHHYboKtmFIhWw0_mhFDrkZ5ZIibCl8yoT0UHCh-ohQPHrmPRUslpKp3Q2YO8/s1600/IMG_1785.JPG" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">When neutrinos
crash into the Antarctic ice cap, they collide with atoms to form a
shower of charged particles, which then emit a cone of radio waves. The polarization (direction the electric fields shake on the radio wave) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">is vertical </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and that's why those antennas have two fins.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The vertical one is meant to look for these radio waves generated by neutrinos whereas the horizontal fins should not see effects from neutrinos.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">On the other had, c</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">osmic rays seldom make it all the way to the surface of the Earth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead, they hit gas in the atmosphere and produce their own shower of
air born charged particles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those
particles then spin around the Earth’s magnetic field and emit their own radio
waves known as synchrotron.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember
that at the South Pole, those fields are vertical – perpendicular to the Earth’s
surface—which means the synchrotron radio waves are horizontally polarized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> So </span>the ANITA team uses the other fin in each
antenna to watch for that.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The instrument
will fly for a 4-5 weeks over Antarctica, but by comparing all the antennas and
rejecting data with no interesting events, they expect to record only 5-10
seconds of data over the entire time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each event will span only a few milliseconds, so this flight will
hopefully provide thousands of events to consider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why bother doing
this experiment?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One reason is that we
don't know where cosmic rays come from, in part because those particles
themselves are charged and can get whipped around by our galaxy’s magnetic
fields, obscuring their origin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
scientists strongly suspect that the ultra-high-energy neutrinos have a similar
source.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since neutrinos are neutral,
they will ignore our galaxy's magnetic fields and their paths may point directly to their origin. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Scientists certainly
haven’t found any nearby sources of these cosmic rays or neutrinos and we suspect that they should
scatter off the microwave background if they come from really far away.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">So we really don’t have a good guess of where they
come from or what accelerated them to such high energies.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">But there’s an even bigger
long-term reason to do this. Each of these
neutrinos have nearly a Joule of energy – comparable to the energy of a 60mph
baseball—packed into one of the lightest things in the universe. That’s several hundred times more energy than
the world most powerful particle accelerator can squeeze into each
particle. If these neutrinos interact
with the ice or Earth and the ANITA team sees radio wave from that, they will
be exploring the rules of particle physics far beyond what can be done in the
lab. And if they see enough events, then
they may be able to use their data to test for deviations from those expected
rules. We’re all hoping that they
someday find such a discrepancy because such a discovery might inspire the next
generation of accelerators, experiments.
But for now, we have to wait and see if they can even detect these particles.</span><!--EndFragment-->
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-36122703401703641562014-12-10T08:39:00.001-08:002014-12-10T08:53:53.002-08:00A tour of the Dark Sector Laboratory<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I spend most of my time working in the Dark Sector
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by our winter-over Steffan Richter as the sun rose in September a few
years back:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After six months of darkness, that sight must be a true
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bandwidth through the satellite connections is too poor to upload videos from
here, so I can’t send up a tour of the lab.
Fortunately, my friend Jon Kauffman helped make one a couple years ago
shortly before we decommissioned the BICEP-2 experiment. Check it out here:</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That tour does not really talk much about the South Pole
Telescope, which is the large dish on the side of the building in the background.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The South Pole Telescope is probably our
fiercest and most competent competitor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But since we work in such close proximity, we
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together in such a remote location, our teams enjoy a camaraderie not seen
anywhere else in our field.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Our team is in the process of building a much larger
telescope in the space that Jon shows in the video above.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">BICEP-2 was designed to observe the sky at the color where the Cosmic
Microwave Background is brightest-- 150GHz.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">(that 150 times higher than your cell-phone’s carrier frequency).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">BICEP-3 will map at 100GHz, but with five
times the detectors.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This will let us
better understand the origins of the signals our team has seen.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Are those signals from the early universe,
glowing dust in our galaxy, or some combination of the two? Or maybe something else...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once completed, BICEP-3 will map the sky in conjunction with
the Keck Array, another set of telescopes that our team runs out of an adjacent
building called the Martin A Pomeritz Observatory (MAPO).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I made a tour video of that the last time I
was down here, which you can see here:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOTE: when I was filming the cameras up in the rotating
mount, I was paying more attention to not getting my hand caught in the azimuth
(left-right) drive than where I was pointing my camera. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So when I am describing the elevation drive
that move the telescopes up and down, I was actually pointed at a tray full of
cables.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oops.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-62538060952323643672014-12-06T17:42:00.000-08:002015-01-03T07:24:59.844-08:00An Aquatic Adventure<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvOWJviR192OdMv2xpJHYRAi05B6ANdKvASX4KWIAfaiN5xtHHzKo_rwtnQmFONiuJ4WwuAnyZQqlhF8cN21dYPBABjD8lgCCcPSqRLq8jBmS8HF2tbEJsQzeZitLDSUzRhm1zqUlFQk97/s1600/scuba_ob_tube.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvOWJviR192OdMv2xpJHYRAi05B6ANdKvASX4KWIAfaiN5xtHHzKo_rwtnQmFONiuJ4WwuAnyZQqlhF8cN21dYPBABjD8lgCCcPSqRLq8jBmS8HF2tbEJsQzeZitLDSUzRhm1zqUlFQk97/s1600/scuba_ob_tube.jpg" height="173" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">When I was in
McMurdo, I visited the “Ob Tube.”</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">This
is a metal tube drilled through the ice with what is best described as an
observation pod at the bottom of the laddered tube just under the ice.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">I found a photo with a scuba diver that for scale shows what this looks like and how large it is- pretty cramped. You sit curled up in the upper-part of that structure with the windows.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The pod has a 19</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">th</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> century Captain
Nemo feel while the top on the surface looks like one of the pipes in Super
Mario Brothers.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Climbing down the tube
gives you a sense of how thick the ice is around 100 yards from the shore — about 20 feet.</span></div>
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<a href="http://scrippsonice.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/lucasgoesdown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://scrippsonice.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/lucasgoesdown.jpg" height="179" width="320" /></a><a href="http://www.polartrec.com/files/members/michael-league/images/pa190196.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.polartrec.com/files/members/michael-league/images/pa190196.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Possibly the
coolest things you see down there are ice stalactites hanging from the bottom surface of the ice. I took the photo on the left. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m told that these things
form when fresh-water hits the ice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Freshwater freezes at a higher temperature than the surrounding salt-water
and as more water flows down these small holes, it adds to the structure,
freezing at the end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The surface of
the ice is barren and dead, but under the ice, Antarctica looks pretty
lush.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The ice in my photo (left) is covered in some sort of sea algae plant.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The water was filled with tiny fish and one
of my friends saw a 6-foot long jelly-fish down there. In the photo above, the small flecks that you see are actually little tiny fish. Of course, the algae on the ice limits the sunlight-- hence the poor photo quality. Had I been there a few weeks earlier, I would have seen something like what my colleague photographed at right above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Lastly, you
could hear seals talking down there, making sci-fi torpedo-like noises.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Listen to the audio above. I borrowed the photos for the slide-show from this </span><a href="http://penguinranch.blogspot.com/2008/11/views-from-ob-tube.html" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">blog</a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> where the photos were taken in a different ob-tube installed 15 miles from McMurdo.</span></div>
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Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-73637258827725902182014-12-06T17:37:00.002-08:002014-12-06T18:12:07.609-08:00Antarctic SPIDERs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The telescopes I work on all sit on Terra Firma, mapping the cosmic microwave background. This light is a thermal afterglow of the big bang, but it has patterns hidden in it that hint at how the laws of physics work at the highest conceivable temperatures.</div>
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However, those telescopes must look through an atmosphere that also glows with thermal radiation, has wind and other sources of turbulence. That turbulence is why distant city lights or stars twinkle, but it's a source of noise in our measurement that we must average down. And that averaging process takes years even at the best observing site in the world (the South Pole)!</div>
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Of course, if you could get your telescope above the atmosphere, then you could avoid that nuisance and do your measurement <i>much</i> faster. This is one reason why satellite telescopes like Hubble or JCMT are so useful. But they're expensive and take years to come together. It turns out that you can get a similar experience, albeit for only 2-3 weeks, with a a high altitude balloon, which is the strategy behind SPIDER.</div>
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SPIDER is quite literally the balloon version of Keck Array (one of the South Pole experiments I work on), using nearly the same detectors and optics, but optimized for measurements at 130,000 feet (that's 4 times higher than your typical commercial aircraft flies). I've worked on those detectors quite a bit and am rooting for this to go well. Part of our funding for the detectors came from Gordon Moore, of Intel and Moore's law fame, and imitating his genius, we kept the entire sensor design planar so we could print lots of these things the same way Intel does with microchips. Here is picture of one of the 1200 pixels that SPIDER will fly with, and one of the actual sensors at right:</div>
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Here's a time-lapsed video of the team assembling the payload over two days (it takes far longer than 2 days; this is just part of the process):</div>
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This is currently going on a few miles outside of McMurdo station in the Long Duration Ballooning facility that NSF and NASA co-run. I think the SPIDER team should re-load this to youtube with some sort of 80's montage music. Or as a scientist on a competing project mischievously suggested, perhaps the theme from Benny Hill.</div>
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The payload looks like a six-shooter, and each of those barrels holds a camera. Once assembled, they fill the car-sized instrument with liquid helium which will keep it cold enough to operate (more on that later) for the 2-3 week flight. Here's the path that SPIDER's predecessor experiment BOOMERANG took on one of it's flights a decade ago</div>
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<a href="http://oberon.roma1.infn.it/boomerang/b2k/path.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://oberon.roma1.infn.it/boomerang/b2k/path.jpg" height="316" id="irc_mi" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div>
The summer weather patterns keep the balloons in an orbit around the pole, making it easy to point at specific parts of the sky and possible to retrieve the payload. In principle, a balloon could make multiple orbits, but the liquid helium in SPIDER will only last for about one trip around. I hope to share video of the instrument launching later on, so stay tuned. Sadly, I had to fly out to the pole and will not get to see that in person.Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-30884931625998062792014-12-04T04:55:00.001-08:002014-12-10T08:54:24.164-08:00Back at the South Pole<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I finally
reached the South Pole. I stamped my passport, so it's official:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I left Thursday
evening, just after Thanksgiving dinner, and arrived Thursday evening of the
following week. Technically, this trip
took six days because we passed over the international date line heading west
to get here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">We first flew to
from Los Angeles to Sydney, Australia (~15 hours), and then doubled back on a 3 hour
flight to Christchurch on New Zealand’s south island. The National Science Foundation’s Office of
Polar Programs runs a staging center next to the airport where we spend a
couple days gearing up and watching training videos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">We then flew
south on a military LC-130 (a “Herc”) to McMurdo, the largest base on the
Antarctic continent (click <a href="http://solitudefortressof.blogspot.com/2012/12/mcmurdo-station.html">here</a> for pictures). You can see a pics of the plane in my <a href="http://solitudefortressof.blogspot.com/2012/12/ice-flight.html">post</a> from 2 years ago. Our 12 hour layover
grew to 3 days on account of weather issues. You can see what the "ceremonial" south pole looked like when I arrived, and it had been like that most of the week.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I took this photo from the comfort of the Galley. When I walked off the plane earlier, it was -13F, but substantially lower (around -30F) from wind chill. Shortly after we landed, visibility fell to a quarter mile, which may be evident from the above pic.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, nearly a week after we left California, we few over the
Trans-Antarctic Mountains and into the South Pole station.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">During my three
days in McMurdo (aka “Mac-town”), I killed time by doing tourist things. This included visiting the Long Duration
Ballooning facility, climbing up a glacier, walking along the pressure ridges
on the frozen sea, and even climbing into an observation pod under the sea
ice. Since the South Pole can get boring
after a while, I’ll save these stories for some later posts over the next few
weeks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">By popular
demand, I’ve added some subscribe buttons so you can get alerted as I add new
posts.</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-53600331637221252772014-11-18T15:24:00.001-08:002015-01-03T06:49:42.189-08:00"Dusting off" the deployment blogI’m headed back South again for the 2014-15 austral summer and am reviving my blog so
friends and family can see what I’m up to despite limited telephone time that precludes calls to everyone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Communication is through satellite, and the coverage is only a few
hours per day).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Last time I went down,
we were doing final tests of the BICEP2 telescope before decommissioning it,
and upgrading the Keck telescopes.<br />
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Back in March of this year, we announced that we had seen something of
possible cosmological significance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> If that detection holds up, it teaches us about what happened in our universe in the first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second, at the highest conceivable temperatures. It tells us about where we all came from and hints at how all the basic forces may be different aspects of the same thing. It even lets us speculate about the ultimate fate of our universe. </span>I
gave some talks for the general public this summer, one of which you can
watch here:<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Our result got a lot more attention than we expected (see this <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/science/space/ripples-from-the-big-bang.html?_r=0" target="_blank">article in the NY Times</a>), with
many competitors aggressively questioning if all we saw was galactic dust.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I described this with as much swagger as I could manage <a href="http://youtu.be/DMc6fjUWgkU?t=19m51s" target="_blank">in the talk at 23:14</a>, although truth be told, our team has felt like we've been running from wolves ever since.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I’m nominally on the ice from Dec1-Feb3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We aspire to put a new much larger telescope
in the field this year and upgrade two cameras to look in another color.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This will help us better understand how much dust is actually in our way. </span>I hope to cut this long trip shorter, but that's also a lot of work, making this year an “all hands on deck” situation, so we’ll see…<o:p></o:p></div>
Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-35517808247798584752013-01-17T20:37:00.001-08:002013-01-17T20:37:30.473-08:00The effects of high altitudeWriting from Christchurch on my way back north, I've come to realize that I'm a complete wuss about high altitude. At 9,300 ft, but an effective 11,000 ft when you correct for the lower pressure at the poles, it's higher than I've ever been before, and I felt the effects most of the time there.<br />
<br />They tell you to take it easy when you first arrive, but there were measurements that people up north were particularly anxious about, so I got involved in my first 24 hours anyway- that was probably a mistake. A couple days in, I passed out at the telescope with only vague memory of trying to move myself closer to the floor as the dizziness set in. This is when I think I jammed my knee, which spent the next couple weeks swelling up. The station doctor diagnosed this as bursitis, when the lubricative bursa sac becomes inflamed, and in my case, probably infected. The thing finally burst open while I was outside working on the telescope about a week before I left. At high altitudes, the body takes a lot longer to heal, and I suspect this is why this whole thing took so long to work itself out. On the plus side, with a quarter-sized hole in my knee and the possibility of infection, the doctors didn't even hesitate to let me take daily showers!<br />
<br />Over the course of the month I was there, I lost perspective of how inhospitable the interior of Antarctica is... that is, until I got back to McMurdo. For the first time in weeks, I could breathe easily and that low 30s F temperature felt tropical by comparison. I spent that evening walking around in T-shirt and sandals.<br />
<br />Finally, the high desert is very dry and is responsible for the constant nose-bleeds, "blood boogers," and split skin on the hands (aka, "the splits"). I think this also may be why we can't smell anything up there That lets us get away with showing so seldom, but it also makes for quite the olfactory overload when you come back down. I spent my morning in Christchurch before my flight home walking through their botanical gardens in Hangley Park- the smells of the grass, trees, and especially the roses were overwhelming.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_y_5ULkpVbct_Qoqk_6KtOJzdt6ALzUE3MoO4FyxNf5Vw58oxu0xCKDi5vhL_JsP18K9Un3pCv9kj2L2hiK7vo7gZhIYYPIFRLWj-82w8t0Y79rWvHJYtv5cJUnyZAvzYzGG-5rey-e5y/s1600/Brook_in_Hangley_Park.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_y_5ULkpVbct_Qoqk_6KtOJzdt6ALzUE3MoO4FyxNf5Vw58oxu0xCKDi5vhL_JsP18K9Un3pCv9kj2L2hiK7vo7gZhIYYPIFRLWj-82w8t0Y79rWvHJYtv5cJUnyZAvzYzGG-5rey-e5y/s1600/Brook_in_Hangley_Park.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brook through the park</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuiAFpC4Zd9MsdCoymY50qdKZ50kfU91TZlcDMt8ZUjTaJI1OHfxmilnzyMOLU78FFWWx91tGhO7h3HWbKZYdB6six9T1IEENtZaJEHnqmqrcstj0d58nUAQZLt1phj7rQk_HUXIOll1Cy/s1600/Rose_garden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuiAFpC4Zd9MsdCoymY50qdKZ50kfU91TZlcDMt8ZUjTaJI1OHfxmilnzyMOLU78FFWWx91tGhO7h3HWbKZYdB6six9T1IEENtZaJEHnqmqrcstj0d58nUAQZLt1phj7rQk_HUXIOll1Cy/s1600/Rose_garden.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rose Garden</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSRlqKCxHR0wlq1Ru_IQSJ0zEYdlURTbc7-F6zJ46KyGGiJuP1yeZTOXJqkvHKECM3z2NI9Fpgn3O3mU1eFCJyTwtz_PLf4RVYkoCE_5R-xeW0vfwl8rdI-WISXcK0-P5fjwjdssuDvxn/s1600/trellised_pairs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSRlqKCxHR0wlq1Ru_IQSJ0zEYdlURTbc7-F6zJ46KyGGiJuP1yeZTOXJqkvHKECM3z2NI9Fpgn3O3mU1eFCJyTwtz_PLf4RVYkoCE_5R-xeW0vfwl8rdI-WISXcK0-P5fjwjdssuDvxn/s1600/trellised_pairs.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trellised pairs in the fruit and vegetable garden</td></tr>
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<br />There's one plus about all of this for a coffee geek like me. Water boils at 193F there (I measured 195), which is the perfect temperature to brew coffee. If it's any warmer, it will burn the coffee, so at sea level you must wait to let it cool t bit before pouring; at pole, you bring it to a boil and just pour. After over a month since the beans were roasted, my coffee still tasted great. Here's a video of it blooming, a full month after roasting:<br />
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<br />Normally, that's CO2 being released, although in this case it may just be water vapor. And it smelled great.Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-90722812328649695612013-01-07T03:10:00.002-08:002013-01-08T06:27:45.635-08:00Polarized Microwaves from the begining of the Universe<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Q_OFf-ja-kvfEv5nr9dvbMm_zFwexglAHfT7Ifd_0E-5rqKTN5vBCvNDFJ6hz9-OBDYcx59fLJ4_vJ_VKhyYCwb8iU0gKsiJ4GvItRHQCyQ_CJSsLj-uyROU_Yj_YRX-iKbgGMz2zVL3/s1600/polarization_f_sun.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> <br />
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I work in the Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory, aka MAPO. Here's a short video tour I shot of the place:<br />
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I neglect to mention that the giant wooden cones around the telescopes are ground shields which prevent our cameras from seeing stray light bouncing off the snow. When I'm up in the mount, I also mistakenly point at a tray holding pulse-tube lines while describing it as an elevation gear. At that time, I was paying more attention to not getting my hand caught in the drive than what I was filming.<br />
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This observatory has housed two very successful CMB polarization experiments over the past decade, and several of our senior group members have worked on both. This rest of this post describes what they saw and I'll try to make another post about how our experiment will advance that further (things get nerdy from here on out!).<br />
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I <a href="http://solitudefortressof.blogspot.com/2012/12/echos-of-big-bang.html" target="_blank">previously described</a> how the Big Bang "echoed" in the early hot universe, and how the hot and cold regions of those sound waves left behind hot and cold spots in the microwave sky. Those spots are also polarized.<br />
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You can think of light as similar to shaking waves on a rope- shaking the rope up-down is distinct from shaking left-right- and the same is true for light waves. We call this property polarization. But even though our eyes can see different colors or brightness, we cannot see polarization on our own. Often, both polarizations of light are present, but more of one type than the other. We can build filters that screen away one of the two polarizations, and this video uses such a filter to show that the afternoon sky is polarized:<br />
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That polarizing filter looks dark in a specific position because it is filtering the brighter of the polarizations, passing only the dimmer one. The sky itself looks polarized because the afternoon sun illuminates air in our atmosphere from only one side, like this:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Q_OFf-ja-kvfEv5nr9dvbMm_zFwexglAHfT7Ifd_0E-5rqKTN5vBCvNDFJ6hz9-OBDYcx59fLJ4_vJ_VKhyYCwb8iU0gKsiJ4GvItRHQCyQ_CJSsLj-uyROU_Yj_YRX-iKbgGMz2zVL3/s1600/polarization_f_sun.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Q_OFf-ja-kvfEv5nr9dvbMm_zFwexglAHfT7Ifd_0E-5rqKTN5vBCvNDFJ6hz9-OBDYcx59fLJ4_vJ_VKhyYCwb8iU0gKsiJ4GvItRHQCyQ_CJSsLj-uyROU_Yj_YRX-iKbgGMz2zVL3/s1600/polarization_f_sun.gif" height="244" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Light scatters off atoms in the sky, adapted from Wayne Hu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In this cartoon, the light from the sun has both polarizations shown in the light blue crossed lines; that light grabs and shakes electrons in the gas in our atmosphere. We cannot "see" electron motion towards and away from us, only transverse. So we see mostly vertical polarization scattered at us.<br />
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Those sound waves in the early universe created a similar situation: electrons in the cold low pressure planes (red stripes) will be hit by weaker light from above and below and brighter light from the warmer high pressure planes (blue stripes) coming in from the left and right. So the scattered light is brighter in the vertical polarization. The opposite argument holds for electrons in the hotter blue strips, scattering brighter light in the horizontal polarization.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihY3Z-3fpCObQcUCGPXjDyDZ8mpSolm4CrLo8CJFIVLjHvPVVN9W-e54urcVpX645NT-dno9z-_318UWjceuR1cTzMlyY27CUNMOCxVcODgKBg46ojoK1QVyG8811ZDkLGs-KA-lpZQD-V/s1600/polarization_wave.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihY3Z-3fpCObQcUCGPXjDyDZ8mpSolm4CrLo8CJFIVLjHvPVVN9W-e54urcVpX645NT-dno9z-_318UWjceuR1cTzMlyY27CUNMOCxVcODgKBg46ojoK1QVyG8811ZDkLGs-KA-lpZQD-V/s1600/polarization_wave.gif" height="158" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early universe sound wave scattering polarized radiation, adapted from Wayne Hu</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhtCNptOoOGMEESrsHyVC0G3r65RWiuLyR2tbI5CRT8sS9QMXGth3itZwUV8i7G9UWzWjw_Tfx7wtY7Gv8UNH0oGz1pSqrjVwf6Md_u-eK_Lrnsba_fK5FHnkq16bOvIyTQzrCENG2MxRu/s1600/E_modes.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Many different sound-waves will produce a series of polarized spots on the sky. Here's a map of polarization difference from our sister experiment BICEP-2:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhtCNptOoOGMEESrsHyVC0G3r65RWiuLyR2tbI5CRT8sS9QMXGth3itZwUV8i7G9UWzWjw_Tfx7wtY7Gv8UNH0oGz1pSqrjVwf6Md_u-eK_Lrnsba_fK5FHnkq16bOvIyTQzrCENG2MxRu/s1600/E_modes.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhtCNptOoOGMEESrsHyVC0G3r65RWiuLyR2tbI5CRT8sS9QMXGth3itZwUV8i7G9UWzWjw_Tfx7wtY7Gv8UNH0oGz1pSqrjVwf6Md_u-eK_Lrnsba_fK5FHnkq16bOvIyTQzrCENG2MxRu/s1600/E_modes.png" height="160" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Polarized</b> CMB spots</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
All of our cameras contain hardware that is similar to the polarizing grid shown in the youtube video above so we can measure the power in both polarizations.<br />
<br />
In 2002, the DASI experiment (in MAPO) demonstrated that the CMB is indeed polarized as everyone expected. In 2006-8, the next experiment in MAPO- QUAD- took a detailed enough map to show that this polarization has similar structure as the temperature maps I showed in<a href="http://solitudefortressof.blogspot.com/2012/12/echos-of-big-bang.html" target="_blank"> this previous post.</a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV5F-BCfvVpQmc3nGY-mUS2FMeiGO0tj0Go5HTOE3cH2XtIZgo2_4EBEx_-qiIXSmE1ryX0XSuASTZNF3nlIhCKxo2sjfrTekEHPgei0oNEXwtEx3i5S0sbJHjmpj4pCidLW13nMtU64q2/s1600/QUAD_spectrum.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV5F-BCfvVpQmc3nGY-mUS2FMeiGO0tj0Go5HTOE3cH2XtIZgo2_4EBEx_-qiIXSmE1ryX0XSuASTZNF3nlIhCKxo2sjfrTekEHPgei0oNEXwtEx3i5S0sbJHjmpj4pCidLW13nMtU64q2/s1600/QUAD_spectrum.png" height="155" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">from the QUAD experiment</td></tr>
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Similar to before, this plot shows how much brighter one polarization is than the other for spots of specific sizes, and it plots difference against spot size. You can see a similar peaked structure as <a href="http://solitudefortressof.blogspot.com/2012/12/echos-of-big-bang.html" target="_blank">before</a>, which is not a surprise since these come the same early-universe sound-waves that produce the temperature spots. For technical reasons, this sort of measurement can measure many of the features of our universe better (i.e. smaller uncertainty) than the temperature maps. But no one is good enough at these measurements yet to beat the temperature measurements.Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-44292522287359541812013-01-05T04:39:00.001-08:002013-01-05T04:46:50.429-08:00Marooned in "Mac-town"<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwRMO7RaFnqWB0P6IsPmOTidsi2L2z6I0N2Evh2ZAOMxlPU3yD4guRD7MfWXsWGDtKkcwd1ANHiLkv2FPgoIt11HWhTNMc6dr-qDjUaN5CljUfL71z4S7RzC6Ha1kwNqtmlzSiMCrh1Pi/s1600/Mt_erebus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwRMO7RaFnqWB0P6IsPmOTidsi2L2z6I0N2Evh2ZAOMxlPU3yD4guRD7MfWXsWGDtKkcwd1ANHiLkv2FPgoIt11HWhTNMc6dr-qDjUaN5CljUfL71z4S7RzC6Ha1kwNqtmlzSiMCrh1Pi/s1600/Mt_erebus.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Smoke form Mt Erebus (photo from USGS)</td></tr>
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Two people from our team left on Friday, to be replaced with two new arrivals. It's a miracle they were able to leave at all since the landing strip at McMurdo is apparently a pile of slush right now. <br />
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The temperature there yesterday hit 40F (for comparison, the temperature at pole is a balmy -13F). This is a problem because, as I previously described, the runway is on the Ross Ice shelf in the middle of the sea. The ice is still plenty thick (several hundred of meters), so planes can still land on their skis. But it's big a problem for taking off because the slushy snow provides too much friction to get up to speed. This warm weather has been exacerbated by ash from Mt Erebus, a nearby active volcano, that has blown over the ice. That ash absorbs sunlight more efficiently than the bare reflective snow, heating the ice even more rapidly.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAofWUNrN3hNCghyphenhyphenD5v0SVhtdSeoC6uidrzLimWIEOG_wjIuu5_6ZQD3OVwdCin6DVb4PpWMBX4bxVY1mG-4jPvDUtpOw1QrUcNZZAzbuKAX02fXg_01_fQvHma0oeiLLWTBxvDUuk_qA/s1600/RossIslandMap.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAofWUNrN3hNCghyphenhyphenD5v0SVhtdSeoC6uidrzLimWIEOG_wjIuu5_6ZQD3OVwdCin6DVb4PpWMBX4bxVY1mG-4jPvDUtpOw1QrUcNZZAzbuKAX02fXg_01_fQvHma0oeiLLWTBxvDUuk_qA/s1600/RossIslandMap.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map showing the problem: the airfield is right next to a Volcano</td></tr>
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The polar-program typically flies one flight per day each way between Christchurch and McMurdo, and each flight holds 10-15 people beyond the crew. There are apparently 135 scientists waiting in McMurdo right now to fly north. I miss Abby and Liam a lot, and if I could, I would take the next flight out of here I would (despite my work and others' work here being really cool). But I would simply get stuck in the mess in McMurdo anyway. So here's hoping the weather and ash situation improves quickly before I leave in two weeks.<br />
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To add insult to injury, one of the freight ships is docked there now and their policy is to stop selling alcohol during that time because the sailors are too rowdy! (This is why we can't have nice things!) So those 135 scientists who are done with their work are sitting around in one of the world's smallest towns with nothing to do and nothing to drink.<br />
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As for that flight that came in yesterday, the only reason they flew at all was to bring Senatorial aides in for a 3-hour day trip (the actual Senators had to stay in DC as penance for not playing nice with each other). But all these problems delayed their flight such that they arrived during dinner. So the aids only had time to eat and take hero pictures at the south-pole, leaving no time to visit our experiments and hear what cool things we're doing with their tax-dollars. What a mess…Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-56015238547850649902013-01-05T04:21:00.002-08:002013-01-05T04:55:48.018-08:00Viewing exploding stars through the polar ice capAs we waited for cameras to cool in the lab on a slow day, I took an excursion to IceCube and the Askarian Radio Array (ARA), where they are using water jets to drill deep holes into the ice. Here's a video they made while checking if one is wide enough:<br />
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The scientists on these two projects drop sensors into holes like that to search for astrophysical neutrinos, using the Antarctic Ice shelf as a giant target.<br />
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Neutrinos are basic particles that are nearly massless and only interact with other particles by a "weak" nuclear force. As a consequence, they can sail through dusty regions of our galaxy and universe and, in principle, let us see things that we never could with light that would get scattered away. This is particularly true with Supernovae- stars that exhaust their fuel, collapse under their own weight, and then explode. The electrons, protons, and photons in collapsing stars get so hot that they effectively bind together and cannot escape; only the neutrinos can get out, and as a result carry away 99% of the star's radiant energy. This makes neutrinos an alluring way to study stellar collapse.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRqlhKj4ZfWKtjrt30fWHvBDeJeNbUp1qqdX6hyphenhyphensIc2qDHRIDEsr4w_DV6Rapi0MseLocU0FIL7FxpEzPQu5H5-DMhvJq2TzuFkUqWxkFM92A8kdxkjeGbG20f1-0jVnmxtevIFUs3mTk/s1600/SN_1987A_HST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRqlhKj4ZfWKtjrt30fWHvBDeJeNbUp1qqdX6hyphenhyphensIc2qDHRIDEsr4w_DV6Rapi0MseLocU0FIL7FxpEzPQu5H5-DMhvJq2TzuFkUqWxkFM92A8kdxkjeGbG20f1-0jVnmxtevIFUs3mTk/s1600/SN_1987A_HST.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture of the 1987A supernova (with photons, not neutrinos), from Hubble Space Telescope</td></tr>
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But just as neutrinos can sneak through hot and dusty regions outside Earth, they also sneak through most matter on Earth, which makes them very difficult to see. They occasionally collide with atomic nuclei in something dense like water or ice. These collisions produce a shower of charged particles that can emit light, and light is something that we're actually good at measuring. If only we had a large chunk of ice…<br />
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Oh wait! I've spent the past two weeks living on one that holds 60% of the Earth's fresh-water! The idea behind the Ice-Cube Observatory is to drop strings of the sensors (photo-multiplier tubes) in the picture below into holes that are 2km deep and look for evidence of neutrinos scattering off a cubic kilometer section of ice. In principle, one can even use the multiple detectors to infer where the neutrino came from. They haven't seen anything yet, although the project only finished construction a year ago.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYWYNaK0Vz7RYkXssnxGBwMfTi6chzE2ZS6kvEP9CLfv0XgDrC_ZNgEhHvX2xek2msY6zrJPqeahqpW5u4VDIwsLrbuSK164B5Y7I3UgfxpWDC1ke1-Fg3GCcZt8jTgHJaPz3CRzNxEuK1/s1600/Ice_Cube_detector.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYWYNaK0Vz7RYkXssnxGBwMfTi6chzE2ZS6kvEP9CLfv0XgDrC_ZNgEhHvX2xek2msY6zrJPqeahqpW5u4VDIwsLrbuSK164B5Y7I3UgfxpWDC1ke1-Fg3GCcZt8jTgHJaPz3CRzNxEuK1/s1600/Ice_Cube_detector.JPG" height="236" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detector for Ice-Cube (on display in the station)</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDre2hsKv8ZNS-2VXSFX5mloUu1EuQcDfnEXCaMcAeJz5cVlT-YZZ-YYLzD2g2rh1oOebj2XgDB7s5p7WjmtygQkadgJ2fHNNWpjBCXC9iufGV4D91EDnUJLcmW_MBSNNnA_Zn8AT4NO87/s1600/ARA_antenna_comp.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Since then, the team has moved onto constructing the next project- the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA). When even hotter neutrinos ("ultra-high-energy neutrinos") scatter off atomic nuclei in the ice and produce charged particles, those particles should also produce faint radio pulses (known as the Askaryan Effect). So the team is also dropping an array of antennas down similar holes to listen for these events.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDre2hsKv8ZNS-2VXSFX5mloUu1EuQcDfnEXCaMcAeJz5cVlT-YZZ-YYLzD2g2rh1oOebj2XgDB7s5p7WjmtygQkadgJ2fHNNWpjBCXC9iufGV4D91EDnUJLcmW_MBSNNnA_Zn8AT4NO87/s1600/ARA_antenna_comp.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDre2hsKv8ZNS-2VXSFX5mloUu1EuQcDfnEXCaMcAeJz5cVlT-YZZ-YYLzD2g2rh1oOebj2XgDB7s5p7WjmtygQkadgJ2fHNNWpjBCXC9iufGV4D91EDnUJLcmW_MBSNNnA_Zn8AT4NO87/s1600/ARA_antenna_comp.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An antenna for the Askaryan Radio Array, being dropped into a hole.</td></tr>
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Ultra-high energy neutrinos are interesting for different reasons than the slower ones for Ice Cube. Black holes and supernovae blasts can accelerate protons to super-high speeds- far faster than we can in the lab- and fling them off into extragalactic space. We say that these are high energy because their speed is so high and for historical reasons call them "cosmic rays." The catch is that we can only detect them up to a threshold energy level because hotter cosmic rays scatter off the CMB (remember, the radio waves my telescope looks at) and get destroyed. But as they are destroyed, they can produce ultra-high energy neutrinos and the ARA is attempting to use those neutrinos to understand particle collisions at energies far higher than we can make at accelerators. It's an attempt to discover new physics that we can't produce in a lab.<br />
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There's reason for optimism for the ARA folks- a balloon borne version called ANITA-2, which flew from McMurdo a few years back, saw evidence for one ultra-high-energy neutrino event. With time on their side, ARA may have the chance to see more than one.<br />
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<br />Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-40009075666268986342013-01-03T16:37:00.001-08:002013-01-07T03:47:13.303-08:00Hazing the "boss"Since my arrival, I've been the most senior person on my project in the field, which has introduced me to the "wonders" of middle management; it's been a character building experience. My most significant yet tiring actions have been responding to detailed and demanding emails from people up north on behalf of other team members down here so they can actually get stuff done.<br />
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I've mostly lead by anarchy, letting all the junior people just tell me what needs to happen. It's worked out pretty well since we have some pretty talented and hard-working graduate students. <br />
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But any success we've had hasn't stopped them from teasing me at times. This included making me attach the most difficult screws in one of our cameras- one has to blindly reach two feet into a space with about two inches of vertical clearance and screw together two parts. Oh, and if you drop the screws, it can take several hours to fish them back out (which you must do). What would have taken a more experienced grad student 5 minutes took me a better part of an hour.<br />
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They also insisted I do "sweet jumps"- body surfing down the snow drifts. There's a significant drop just outside the observatory where they video taped me. This drop exists because the observatory is sinking into the ice-cap and over the past 20 years has fallen the height of the drop (15 feet or so). Apparently I look like a nervous seal in this video; judge yourself:<br />
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The sauna is broken right now, which is probably a good thing since they've been talking about making me run out of there and out to the pole...Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-33153240795799135482013-01-01T17:10:00.001-08:002013-01-01T17:10:31.286-08:00Happy New Years<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoQdxo1JLmWaor_xQMw6IujdSJY98A8eVJT4aWRi9zK_Sr1YfTCTWupABpEjvLrR9hu1DQ4w01auws4E0S7uox40QC1tkDRWXxKj8K59gU8ZqhcURNaUwvCmvd6_RVkInZJXNgoPreLhDd/s1600/Walk_back_midnight.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoQdxo1JLmWaor_xQMw6IujdSJY98A8eVJT4aWRi9zK_Sr1YfTCTWupABpEjvLrR9hu1DQ4w01auws4E0S7uox40QC1tkDRWXxKj8K59gU8ZqhcURNaUwvCmvd6_RVkInZJXNgoPreLhDd/s1600/Walk_back_midnight.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fashionably late to the New Years Eve party</td></tr>
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Happy New years from the South Pole. We use New Zealand time here, which makes us among the first in the world to bring in the new years, although I suppose you could always just change where you're standing relative to the Pole and celebrate at any hour you choose! On New Years Eve, we put in a 10 hour work day at the observatory, closing up a camera until 11:00PM, which means we felt we really earned our drinks of the evening. Above is a shot of some of us on the return trip, sipping some "roadies."<br />
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The ice cap is constantly shifting and carries the base away from the South Pole. Every few decades they build a new station (environmental wear and tear is pretty tough down here), which coincidentally helps them keep the base roughly near the pole. Here's a couple pictures of the previous base in use from 1975-2005 (there was another base even before that built in the 1950s, currently buried in the ice):<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXsyF2KZI2ojEn9IAzrUa7wZuibeDD6jOOO7XSgmoQPKMNvvNXi17zn7l9ArzNbHQ7NdFPDMRd-eHmfsEjqk5ebPsr2BcEFKLsYxXChtCCnURpg9gL6IYKeGKMvyHZEXXa1jMOSKiX6TCW/s1600/Amundsen-Scott_South_Pole_Station.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXsyF2KZI2ojEn9IAzrUa7wZuibeDD6jOOO7XSgmoQPKMNvvNXi17zn7l9ArzNbHQ7NdFPDMRd-eHmfsEjqk5ebPsr2BcEFKLsYxXChtCCnURpg9gL6IYKeGKMvyHZEXXa1jMOSKiX6TCW/s1600/Amundsen-Scott_South_Pole_Station.jpg" height="207" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old dome base</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifa0o0GWt0TNCKlFRKS-CEPq0RGPrfT3Am0HdKwD75OFW9kT11FdQW-veuf6RrGS8CPNDR2kO5W-tYW9ntLENJlX1I3lzr6DQRSbTva4S5Bj9dS0zVt6FyqwR5roHcoINIu5QfybySqRfu/s1600/inside_dome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifa0o0GWt0TNCKlFRKS-CEPq0RGPrfT3Am0HdKwD75OFW9kT11FdQW-veuf6RrGS8CPNDR2kO5W-tYW9ntLENJlX1I3lzr6DQRSbTva4S5Bj9dS0zVt6FyqwR5roHcoINIu5QfybySqRfu/s1600/inside_dome.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inside the old dome base</td></tr>
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Every New Years Day, at noon, they have a ceremony where they move the official marker. In this video, they have all of us present passing the US flag in an arc from the old location to the new (about 10 yards).<br />
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The winter-staff includes a station machinist, whose responsibilities include machining a new Pole marker. This is a photo as it was unveiled:<br />
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<br />Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-68215943052244879002012-12-29T04:46:00.000-08:002012-12-29T11:48:24.256-08:00Echos of the Big Bang<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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I mentioned previously that Antarctica is a great place for us to do our science. But is it really worth being away from family for more than a month over the holidays? Maybe not, but the science we're up to is pretty cool. Here's a cartoon of the early universe to give you a sense of what inspires us:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early universe cartoon, by Wayne Hu</td></tr>
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Kinda looks like a lava-lamp, right? If you don't find that mesmerizing, then feel free to skip this post. For anyone else, the cartoon has three steps, labeled in the corner:<br />
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<li> "Oscillations": The Big Bang triggered echos, and those sound waves are the flashing vertical red and blue stripes. The red stripes are hot and the blue ones a cold. Those yellow dots are electrons and protons- the universe was too hot then for atoms to exist.<br /> </li>
<li>"Recombination": About 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe did cool enough for atoms to form. Before that, the yellow dots scattered light rapidly, as depicted in the zig-zag yellow lines, making the universe look like a glowing thick fog. This was going on since the Big Bang, but for simplicity, this cartoon only shows that scattering around the time that the atoms were forming.<br /> </li>
<li>"Streaming": After the atoms formed, light stopped scattering and essentially traveled in a strait line. Each of those points emit light in all directions, but again, for simplicity, the cartoon only shows the rays that head towards an observer at the center of the figure. That expanding doghnut shows what the sky looks like to that observer. As time goes on, they can see more of the universe and it has hot and cool spots across they visible edge.</li>
</ol>
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One final simplification: the cartoon only shows one sound wave from the Big Bang. In actuality, there many different waves traveling in different directions (not just left to right) and with different spacings between stripes (or wavelengths, as we say). All those waves create a series of spots that ultimately look like this to our telescope (1 week of data in Keck Array):<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiHqaYkEKSXLvpmab39reoeODEQYI95R5im8gfqW9bCy6sX9EX_hoQwHj4u1bu28Ui0P8ypRO0HE9MndyYk8m-Tn8EKvRjiRQ-FVKJE2iCZcEhoVPWCQZem-jHT2X4F7tOhhW5ZEw0M-GN/s1600/Keck_temp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiHqaYkEKSXLvpmab39reoeODEQYI95R5im8gfqW9bCy6sX9EX_hoQwHj4u1bu28Ui0P8ypRO0HE9MndyYk8m-Tn8EKvRjiRQ-FVKJE2iCZcEhoVPWCQZem-jHT2X4F7tOhhW5ZEw0M-GN/s1600/Keck_temp.png" height="204" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map from Keck Array</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
This is a baby photo of the universe, with temperature shown in false color, If the universe were your 80 year old grandfather, then this photo would have been from within 24 hours of birth. Those random spots eventually pulled more and more matter into them and formed galaxies, stars, planets, and us.<br />
<br />
You may be wondering now: "You skipped Christmas to look at random spots in the sky?… at radio frequencies???" Here's the catch: they're not quite random. Some sizes of spots are brighter than others. Here's a plot from South Pole Telescope showing the average brightness of a spot vs the spot size from their map:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjapmCvfcIALB9YHqyAYStcICELTaSC8gdYJYifD8UxaI49UUylelkfDKA2FjgFTZgstZkCIXe4z4sDZUYsuPcjgmJutjtYpddWpf9uKZqf4sfzg1qSNsQX84pNQFS9T0-jITkPFvFxyFAm/s1600/spectrum.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjapmCvfcIALB9YHqyAYStcICELTaSC8gdYJYifD8UxaI49UUylelkfDKA2FjgFTZgstZkCIXe4z4sDZUYsuPcjgmJutjtYpddWpf9uKZqf4sfzg1qSNsQX84pNQFS9T0-jITkPFvFxyFAm/s1600/spectrum.png" height="244" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Extracted from South Pole Telescope's map</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
You can see those regular bumps, which are essentially echos of the Big Bang. The positions and relative heights of those bumps, as well as the curve leading down to the right have let scientists learn that:<br />
<ol>
<li>Space between galaxies obeys standard high school geometry (it does't around black holes)</li>
<li>Our universe is just barely light enough that it won't re-collapse into a "Big Crunch"</li>
<li>There's five times as much "dark" matter than the stuff we're made of </li>
<li>The universe is mostly made of "Dark Energy," an anti-gravity force pushing the galaxies apart faster and faster.</li>
</ol>
<br />
It's hard for me to see how any other experiment will substantially improve that plot over what the South Pole Telescope has done… unless you're interested in polarization. That's where our project comes in… but that's enough nerdiness for one post. Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-79208437281364310442012-12-24T17:31:00.002-08:002012-12-24T17:31:23.301-08:00A White Christmas, with sun-dogs<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSDGaAJNLROPAr3jy-UDwGsyTytEx_f4P7SQBa2kswE-H45jgHjZ_lFT3PbM2L-fAfbNOw2P03JlXxYBS7RAOeZW9MPmUcTk7Q-LUvG-Iaauj5_Nn3LV3yuNsIXyJpElaRg6BgvZHOgH6/s1600/Jeff_sundog_small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSDGaAJNLROPAr3jy-UDwGsyTytEx_f4P7SQBa2kswE-H45jgHjZ_lFT3PbM2L-fAfbNOw2P03JlXxYBS7RAOeZW9MPmUcTk7Q-LUvG-Iaauj5_Nn3LV3yuNsIXyJpElaRg6BgvZHOgH6/s1600/Jeff_sundog_small.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sun Dogs, credit Jeffrey Donenfeld</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Merry Christmas from the South Pole. Having lived most of my life in warm places, the idea of a "white" christmas is a novel one. But this year, I had that one pretty well covered. <br /><br />The big festivity of the season is on Christmas eve: The Race Around the World, which is a 1.7km race that makes a loop around the south pole. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place prizes for each gender were 10min, 7min, and 5min showers. For reasons of fuel consumptions, we're ordinarily allowed only two 2-minute showers per week.<br /><br />Unfortunately, I was working on data analysis all "night" long until 6AM that morning and the didn't have the energy to participate (not that I had much a chance of winning!). So I slept through the race and ran it on my own today (Christmas). It's really hard to run down here because the air is so cold, and it took me about 25 minutes to do that short course. The cool air makes your lungs burn a bit.<br /><br />On the plus side, I finally saw a "sun-dog." When hexagonally shaped ice particles are suspended in the air, light refracts through them like a prism into a 22-degree radius halo around the sun. This rainbow effect is pretty common. Less common is when the particles align vertically, such that the light tends to refract along an axis parallel to the horizon, giving rise to multiple images of the sun. This happens in the Northern US as well, but again, I wouldn't have had much opportunity to see these having grown up in California and Texas.<br /><br />I didn't have my camera with me on my run (it's batteries do poorly in the cold weather), but one of the cooks at the base here, managed a good photo of one back in Novemmber. That's shown above. These are more common at the beginning and end of the summer when the sun is closer to the horizon and the cooler air helps align the ice particles better.Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-23602174342900745442012-12-21T05:43:00.001-08:002012-12-21T05:43:14.967-08:00Endless Summer Days<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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12:12 AM today (December 22nd) was the Summer Solstice, which means that it is the longest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere (and shortest back home). However, in the center of Antarctica, where the sun is up constantly this time of year, it just means that the sun is the highest elevation all year long. At the South Pole, the sun just travels in a line parallel to the horizon as seen in this video:<br /><br /><span id="goog_474861614"></span><span id="goog_474861615"></span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/MXxfEOsMtoo?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />The video is a time-laps of the sky during one day, although it was almost certainly taken at night (i.e. winter) with the camera rigged to provide high enough sensitivity such that it looks like it's day out. So you're actually looking at the moon. Notice that the moon drifts along the horizon rather than away/towards it as we're used to. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzkJI5oVRlySoX6THtBQenuI040FqaXnBL5w7yOezUf52qa2IdKwYCq9zSRusGUH0iPKrdz5-2UV0CatfDfn81t-H4upN9lRveZxJKClSWdBLnmxsr0jbibyGcNRKAoBNirBTtg-R1wSRM/s1600/IMG_2156.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzkJI5oVRlySoX6THtBQenuI040FqaXnBL5w7yOezUf52qa2IdKwYCq9zSRusGUH0iPKrdz5-2UV0CatfDfn81t-H4upN9lRveZxJKClSWdBLnmxsr0jbibyGcNRKAoBNirBTtg-R1wSRM/s1600/IMG_2156.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Measuring the Earth's tilt at the equinox; SPT in background</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />I took a break from work today to measure the tilt of the Earth for fun. This tool is a sextant, designed to let the user measure the inclination of an object with respect to the horizon. I measured that the sun is 23.4 degrees above the horizon, thus the Earth's rotational axis is at a 23.4 degree tilt with respect to it's orbital plane.<br /><br />This technique was used by both Admussen and Scott to navigate to the pole 100 years ago. Remember that a magnetic compass is useless near the magnetic pole of the Earth, so you're stuck using a sextant and celestial bodies. If you're not standing at the pole, the sun's elevation will bob up and down over the course of a day, so repeated measurements can help guide you to the Southern-most point on the globe. In fact, when Admussen reached the pole, he stayed for three days to conduct repeated measurements of this sort to definitively prove he had made it. An experienced user can determine their latitude to within a mile with this tool.<br /><br />There's another treat about halfway into the above video, when you can see the Aurora Australis (Southern Lights). These are the same phenomenon as the Northern Lights, arising when charged particles from the Sun are directed along magnetic field lines to the polar regions, where they collide with gas in the upper atmosphere, causing a glow. I won't get to see this in person (thank god!)<br /><br />One final cute thing in that video: looking at the beginning, notice that the stars do not change there orientation with respect to horizon. That's not the case for mid-latitudes where the constellations "rotate", as seen in this youtube video:<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/lEnf6qaJHd8?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br /><br />This actually presents a mild-challenge to our experiments since the mechanics of our telescopes only let us scan the sky parallel to the horizon (in azimuth, as we say). This can give rise to stripy looking maps that concentrate certain noise in just on direction. Mid-latitude telescopes essentially probe more spatial modes on the sky thanks to that rotation.Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-57611872618762898022012-12-20T18:37:00.000-08:002013-02-25T10:54:55.206-08:00The Dark Sector<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9jxWWcL7Ix4MXlrqGwPIOP8lirEwTmE3ci2OkkrFTo5UfvInDCtpoqhmS0Y5KpnxwctybkG1Nd86RLMF9yReT1UKi-K9A4ebK7nxeOB_Z7tU89riwD5Imi67Rsg0cq0lPJbcC0hHaot8p/s1600/mapo081.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9jxWWcL7Ix4MXlrqGwPIOP8lirEwTmE3ci2OkkrFTo5UfvInDCtpoqhmS0Y5KpnxwctybkG1Nd86RLMF9yReT1UKi-K9A4ebK7nxeOB_Z7tU89riwD5Imi67Rsg0cq0lPJbcC0hHaot8p/s1600/mapo081.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keck Array at night, credit Keith Vanderlinde</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The Dark Sector is a Radio Quiet (or "dark") area of the station kept
quiet for radio and submillimeter telescopes. This is where I have
spent most of my working time thus far. It's about a 3/4 mile walk from
the dormitory, but it can be a moderate work-out between the snow,
cold, and high altitude. The path also crosses the runway, which means
you can get stuck waiting on a plane at the wrong time of day. To get a
feel for this commute, here's a video that my friend and coworker
Martin shot a few years back while in grad school:<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/cQFcILxl3xM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
The dark sector includes the IceCube facility, the Dark Sector Laboratory (DSL), and the Martin A Pomeritz Observatory (MAPO). The most imposing structure in the entire base is probably the South Pole Telescope house in a structure attached to DSL:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRFzhzcBJ0LdtOQvCKfevKuZ-WncKKIubqs2DMdyMjUo6mwD4QS43xRl54Bldf-lpBHL-Brunf9V3MzSF6202oRGkiny9umzt5XrFeB5PMe3W_s5qlVwuQIFCDZmvaVUmbJWVZwHFOJyPS/s1600/SPT_B2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRFzhzcBJ0LdtOQvCKfevKuZ-WncKKIubqs2DMdyMjUo6mwD4QS43xRl54Bldf-lpBHL-Brunf9V3MzSF6202oRGkiny9umzt5XrFeB5PMe3W_s5qlVwuQIFCDZmvaVUmbJWVZwHFOJyPS/s1600/SPT_B2.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">South Pole Telescope (left) and BICEP-2 (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I've never worked on this, although several friends have and there a plans in the works to upgrade their camera with the detectors that I developed in Grad School. That large dish is 10m in diameter, which gives them sub-arcminute resolution on the sky. They've used this telescope to search for distant galaxy clusters and are currently looking for a signature that will constrain the total mass of all the neutrinos.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzHfLuLL8v2GQmMMWX9M9rk3E4hf43pdPvdqIJx1orHJLCYRHAoucUkQo8IvrfmrV9001ZcOvCfvJHWoIEiCXXt9VBJio_mlWL-vv6C9gUJadvlXgCRVOIHjqgQYxiGzSJGGZpifgr6kw3/s1600/BICEP2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzHfLuLL8v2GQmMMWX9M9rk3E4hf43pdPvdqIJx1orHJLCYRHAoucUkQo8IvrfmrV9001ZcOvCfvJHWoIEiCXXt9VBJio_mlWL-vv6C9gUJadvlXgCRVOIHjqgQYxiGzSJGGZpifgr6kw3/s1600/BICEP2.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BICEP-2 camera in the lab with spectrometer on top</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
By comparison, our telescopes are smaller. Above is BICEP-2, which is housed in DSL, right next to SPT. In contrast to SPT, it has no mirrors; It looks like a spy-glass with a couple of lenses and some filters. Because the lenses are naturally smaller than a 10m mirror, it's resolution is limited to around a half degrees (30 arcmin). However, these are much cheaper than SPT, which means you can build several and attain much higher sensitivity (lower collective noise). <br />
<br />
And that's exactly what we did- we built five more. This
is the Keck Array (aka SPUD) housed in MAPO and is the project I spend
most of my time on.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQTSdfzSd5RP1LadcX1iQ06_kCzqSLr0zERxTwJbH0fFgi2HF7DItFb-6o5hixYjmJ36hER2xH1ohocSUimJLKLZkO6mxByNoGeP52iKMQWShOyKHBUtqy6hZ09OozNOJrlqmM5AkpxTdU/s1600/SPUD.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQTSdfzSd5RP1LadcX1iQ06_kCzqSLr0zERxTwJbH0fFgi2HF7DItFb-6o5hixYjmJ36hER2xH1ohocSUimJLKLZkO6mxByNoGeP52iKMQWShOyKHBUtqy6hZ09OozNOJrlqmM5AkpxTdU/s1600/SPUD.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keck Array, with two cameras off the mount in the lab</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCGp0eQK-L2YlySTGTzqFB97MHbK3heTxNo7Uai-NtWL8nWXMdIoIOQIFoeYZz4CfpiwV_yZO7ZvLMsmfj71feee9uFtN-1mI_UxiN8pHWSmSS8zvTJ969Pf1GOQn5QPx2gXIM_0mRT-F1/s1600/snow.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCGp0eQK-L2YlySTGTzqFB97MHbK3heTxNo7Uai-NtWL8nWXMdIoIOQIFoeYZz4CfpiwV_yZO7ZvLMsmfj71feee9uFtN-1mI_UxiN8pHWSmSS8zvTJ969Pf1GOQn5QPx2gXIM_0mRT-F1/s1600/snow.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shoveling snow from the ground shield</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
We are currently decommissioning BICEP-2 and pulling the best parts from it for use in an upgrade to one of the Keck cameras. Perhaps I'll return next year to deploy BICEP-3 in that mount if it gets deployment funds.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7_IbqPQjYwpBUmos2hVUYbYNMQJQPRrpVoCO2KvIcNcYOqcsgST5uGkIa0mHC00Fl6eXyePT-lpColRUFnXF_HQvIh1qpkRlz9IXTTb8QUUOHDgJSw7djv3R-HpRzHUoxICT5fZ48aWh9/s1600/BICEP2_mount.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7_IbqPQjYwpBUmos2hVUYbYNMQJQPRrpVoCO2KvIcNcYOqcsgST5uGkIa0mHC00Fl6eXyePT-lpColRUFnXF_HQvIh1qpkRlz9IXTTb8QUUOHDgJSw7djv3R-HpRzHUoxICT5fZ48aWh9/s1600/BICEP2_mount.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BICEP-mount, empty after three years</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
Those wooden structures around the telescopes are ground-shields, designed to prevent the telescope from seeing thermal emission from the ground. SPT has one too, although it is attached to the telescope mount and moves with the instrument. Here's on old one adjacent to MAPO used for the VIPER telescope in the 90s and by ACBAR in the 2000s. It has been abandoned for a better part of a decade.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0nLdQXliK26f7T6mARPryVYQ621YetiEHsh3OQ90ODg195bVpE1kwAlZsKog-WPU9oXd_iym27I7xTvmsztWDAhlIPS_OeMNDSAnTR_GZrJwfskwnHN-IDUTKLXsxSMvXfWEbrIFqi9_/s1600/VIPER_shield.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0nLdQXliK26f7T6mARPryVYQ621YetiEHsh3OQ90ODg195bVpE1kwAlZsKog-WPU9oXd_iym27I7xTvmsztWDAhlIPS_OeMNDSAnTR_GZrJwfskwnHN-IDUTKLXsxSMvXfWEbrIFqi9_/s1600/VIPER_shield.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abandoned Ground Shield</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Have a look youself- Google Street Maps has even made it down here: <a href="http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/gallery/antarctica/dark-sector-laboratory-south-pole-antarctica.html" target="_blank">DSL on Google Maps</a>.<br />
<br />
And finally, the world's coldest outhouse:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8FtmMuSjHSJwm9ZWgUGAnax6DI9UlKAeZiWp_FOW78bvFCG3bQUNjopWsCQra3HOGqiK4d0QQgnnyijmYX4-gqIovoYTH30TXi6w_nljiMJ5yxggaoam-2HEUEyg4U_hm-G8aaL1bDo2/s1600/Worlds_coldest_outhouse.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8FtmMuSjHSJwm9ZWgUGAnax6DI9UlKAeZiWp_FOW78bvFCG3bQUNjopWsCQra3HOGqiK4d0QQgnnyijmYX4-gqIovoYTH30TXi6w_nljiMJ5yxggaoam-2HEUEyg4U_hm-G8aaL1bDo2/s1600/Worlds_coldest_outhouse.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-36116274259445478762012-12-19T16:24:00.002-08:002012-12-19T16:24:16.445-08:00Inside the base<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Robert Scott's 1912 journal entry upon reaching the Pole was "Great God! This is an awful place". I'm not quite sure what he was expecting. However, if he had just waited a century, he would have found a very accommodating dormitory that feels almost like a ski-lodge.<br /><br />My room is pretty spartan and small, about the size of our bathroom back in California. It reminds me of my office at Caltech- no windows!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpGnlWZnSNaSB3rtot3QKfT2TkRQI6an2lKyN6LHsYl04Udmt4XKkJYMHLFptaLOCyrM8zXZ51TZT4s5byNffmAuErcz000KbrsCxxY0xTuFy-vWuw61qymPeJqSy9u3ix1u8o5_GnPGEG/s1600/My_Room.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpGnlWZnSNaSB3rtot3QKfT2TkRQI6an2lKyN6LHsYl04Udmt4XKkJYMHLFptaLOCyrM8zXZ51TZT4s5byNffmAuErcz000KbrsCxxY0xTuFy-vWuw61qymPeJqSy9u3ix1u8o5_GnPGEG/s1600/My_Room.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Room</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpP9NHllV-HHH-4TJZ25HtpmQfbyfWs34DJVrCIRVNREqbc9SvotPOtW-89LgTdsQ-qxfP1p8Mcv1cjk6-8pNcwaq96oQRwRQmGh35U6_tkwnlOo7w9X746yyAgDCT0FOF06f4qplyC-60/s1600/Galley1.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"></a><br /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZbYnj0xm7ERjZzcYrSDWRTvzqW6RzA7OhyphenhyphenVHOGrteLMC1Or1y6AdOmkLjgu37zcIQ_8lWhn_h-r-GMQy9oRt__S7HdSPjy4ulZaAfquLu6zSdGEMkSxBEj1aGF2bfbiZsjkWPbao03ukc/s1600/Science_Lab.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZbYnj0xm7ERjZzcYrSDWRTvzqW6RzA7OhyphenhyphenVHOGrteLMC1Or1y6AdOmkLjgu37zcIQ_8lWhn_h-r-GMQy9oRt__S7HdSPjy4ulZaAfquLu6zSdGEMkSxBEj1aGF2bfbiZsjkWPbao03ukc/s1600/Science_Lab.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Science Lab</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpP9NHllV-HHH-4TJZ25HtpmQfbyfWs34DJVrCIRVNREqbc9SvotPOtW-89LgTdsQ-qxfP1p8Mcv1cjk6-8pNcwaq96oQRwRQmGh35U6_tkwnlOo7w9X746yyAgDCT0FOF06f4qplyC-60/s1600/Galley1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>For those who don't want/need to schlep all the way to their experiments on a given day, there's a spacious general use lab where each project has some space.<br /><br />The Galley serves 3 hot meals a day. The cooking is pretty good, although I already miss fresh fruits and vegetables. I brought a rapidly dwindling supply of avocados from Christchurch, which has made making friends at dinner easy. If only I'd brought some arugula or kale…<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpP9NHllV-HHH-4TJZ25HtpmQfbyfWs34DJVrCIRVNREqbc9SvotPOtW-89LgTdsQ-qxfP1p8Mcv1cjk6-8pNcwaq96oQRwRQmGh35U6_tkwnlOo7w9X746yyAgDCT0FOF06f4qplyC-60/s1600/Galley1.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpP9NHllV-HHH-4TJZ25HtpmQfbyfWs34DJVrCIRVNREqbc9SvotPOtW-89LgTdsQ-qxfP1p8Mcv1cjk6-8pNcwaq96oQRwRQmGh35U6_tkwnlOo7w9X746yyAgDCT0FOF06f4qplyC-60/s1600/Galley1.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Galley</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTN7CHkywnBaSkcBeNWscTL-L_wkNsShqIXD5KD8X5WjHMwLP1xfjR3fQ0wReM3J1WuDDv3hKDJbRxmMjAhLbA_E768V55Pj-CdOiqOJj0dQBfw95f4X1LPbWSAIo2XtllFHZ2QbDuX4IM/s1600/Galley2.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTN7CHkywnBaSkcBeNWscTL-L_wkNsShqIXD5KD8X5WjHMwLP1xfjR3fQ0wReM3J1WuDDv3hKDJbRxmMjAhLbA_E768V55Pj-CdOiqOJj0dQBfw95f4X1LPbWSAIo2XtllFHZ2QbDuX4IM/s1600/Galley2.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kitchen</td></tr>
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<br />They used to have fresh vegetables grown in the green house, but due to cost cutting measures implemented by the new contractor (Lockhead), the green house is currently not producing anything:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk-BLH1NYLfcZ9AeEXuw8Iuz1JyBNNTxk6jIgQrz6GR3RCnL9yeLmc5USnXkM_rteCet6vWSRntOHn9H95wUdxTVknYitfRXmwSOgSweHpng8zDu0mjTpf7aF-GzyFMWnNwiFYuBJEW9SR/s1600/Green_house.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk-BLH1NYLfcZ9AeEXuw8Iuz1JyBNNTxk6jIgQrz6GR3RCnL9yeLmc5USnXkM_rteCet6vWSRntOHn9H95wUdxTVknYitfRXmwSOgSweHpng8zDu0mjTpf7aF-GzyFMWnNwiFYuBJEW9SR/s1600/Green_house.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Greenhouse</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<br />There are a number of recreation rooms, a general store that sells snacks and alcohol (only open 1 hour a day) and a gym complete with Basketball Court. There's even a sauna. Ladies and Gentlemen, your tax dollars at work!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kMsW44QjdzB48rPjzcuUwSWFwMp3v-EWgOon05pc1oDt9KvBVnFbVbztx-FQxuuhF544CGGxgQ7S7XnFyGy60zYp_5SQ-hCMsMHwi_aHzbXHPyjP1OjP_CQV2a4ZvbrQLWMPIcVVo3ZR/s1600/gym.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kMsW44QjdzB48rPjzcuUwSWFwMp3v-EWgOon05pc1oDt9KvBVnFbVbztx-FQxuuhF544CGGxgQ7S7XnFyGy60zYp_5SQ-hCMsMHwi_aHzbXHPyjP1OjP_CQV2a4ZvbrQLWMPIcVVo3ZR/s1600/gym.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gym on balcony over Basketball court</td></tr>
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<br />I took some videos while walking around this place in the middle of the "night," but bandwidth limitations prevent me from sending those up. Fortunately, our esteemed colleague from South Pole Telescope, Tom Crawford, has uploaded a similar video:<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/eo6VD-bExGk?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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All in all, it's pretty nice digs- it's a shame we're working too hard to enjoy it much. But no one should think that I'm "roughing it" down here!<br />Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5097591479864167098.post-28907786540875326422012-12-16T17:17:00.001-08:002012-12-16T17:17:47.236-08:00Finally at the South Pole<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOzEVt7f3o2ei0nZ0MZg3OqQaGxuXudjiRugFk2T9LkAtbAsKrlhKxRNznA63r4O9y1wVL7-cEH6y5L4ZSnSVgK3AjFe0XUOo-WxGJG9viB7iysd5hGur8d_uRVDZ6vXQu4b4yswANriud/s1600/Ceremonial_pole.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At the South Pole</td></tr>
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I finally arrived arrived at pole yesterday, although not without a little more delay. We drove out to the airstrip on the Ross Ice Shelf at 6:45AM only for our pilot to discover a hydraulic issue with the plane, so we waited in the world's most desolate airport for the next four hours while they fixed it.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKdn5bZykQTHj4R94squDc_T5ljs3-WhWILA7FJddbdhuA4Bf5bfc39jG95pdLVCifbJSvKH8aXxiU9ZlOplzufvPTULuhbLkYeFqYhvRiZUAq1R8lccqMPLxMBMPehsk2Uv07Q4kbxECa/s1600/McMurdo_terminal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKdn5bZykQTHj4R94squDc_T5ljs3-WhWILA7FJddbdhuA4Bf5bfc39jG95pdLVCifbJSvKH8aXxiU9ZlOplzufvPTULuhbLkYeFqYhvRiZUAq1R8lccqMPLxMBMPehsk2Uv07Q4kbxECa/s1600/McMurdo_terminal.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Terminal, made from an unheated trailer</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMhS22-Ds4MsgapR6_AMAYnoSfQWYDWLcJqUv7NlLP_uOQK7aXQpnY5LZa5FcwbjEPB_-ShV0lVu31QaT7jaSXJrDAlzgC2bqNtLz91QD7kcxVmmUV-P6zoh-O8eOeGu6eEo4DIugRrowe/s1600/Mount_Erebus.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMhS22-Ds4MsgapR6_AMAYnoSfQWYDWLcJqUv7NlLP_uOQK7aXQpnY5LZa5FcwbjEPB_-ShV0lVu31QaT7jaSXJrDAlzgC2bqNtLz91QD7kcxVmmUV-P6zoh-O8eOeGu6eEo4DIugRrowe/s1600/Mount_Erebus.JPG" height="260" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mt. Erebus, an active Volcano on Ross Island visible from the airport</td></tr>
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The views of the Antarctic interior on the plane were a rare treat:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimt4HVpKJhXzNltc1hxXHte-Onocno9IMTXvK1jPR6rlJ0EAzZ_sWOUDTPIPzmh63irgdXQVjggPCYnnZzhxS5Z-fG4RToi0m_OHNmwC1HJjhXUYgFmNKgoq4h8bfpASGRfPaP53kWPFFS/s1600/Interior1.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimt4HVpKJhXzNltc1hxXHte-Onocno9IMTXvK1jPR6rlJ0EAzZ_sWOUDTPIPzmh63irgdXQVjggPCYnnZzhxS5Z-fG4RToi0m_OHNmwC1HJjhXUYgFmNKgoq4h8bfpASGRfPaP53kWPFFS/s1600/Interior1.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Transantarctic Mountains</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3PavCri-eKrhPqc61k6s4EEj-aWD5q_OTC28rxfOPyWOjmRetqRHKlimz3byY_iRlqPpcP8LwE9vTavdsVCEj9tpB7QAh7aZMa2oeb2MRPIU7QeCNkUeBofoXq7uTsh6M3-ZwB8VuOqcD/s1600/Plane_shadow.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3PavCri-eKrhPqc61k6s4EEj-aWD5q_OTC28rxfOPyWOjmRetqRHKlimz3byY_iRlqPpcP8LwE9vTavdsVCEj9tpB7QAh7aZMa2oeb2MRPIU7QeCNkUeBofoXq7uTsh6M3-ZwB8VuOqcD/s1600/Plane_shadow.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Silhouette of plane on the ice while landing at Pole. </td></tr>
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In total, this trip took 6 calendar days, 5 actual ones. It didn't used to be so easy and quick. The base's full name is Admussen-Scott South Pole Station, in honor of the first two people to get to the South Pole. As my friend Zak quipped, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" target="_blank">Amundsen</a> was from from Norway, knew all about dog-sledding, and returned home a Niel-Armstrong-style national hero as the first person to get at the South Pole. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Scott" target="_blank">Scott</a> fancied himself a gentleman explorer who insisted on using ponies for transportation. He got there second and froze to death on the way back out. You can all read about them in the wikipedia links above. <br />
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I've had an easy go compared to Scott, only suffering from some mld altitude sickness. The elevation here is 9300 ft, but the atmosphere is thinner at the poles than mid-latitudes, so the effective altitude is more like 11,000 ft. Low pressure from weather can further increase the effective elevation beyond that. Were it not for the ice cap, that elevation would be near sea-level. The ice-sheet is 1.7 miles thick, forming a large plateau that covers most of the continent. It's pretty flat and featureless as you can see from pictures of the base:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSq_E9zMI2LWNZM8b2XGcOGZGyQ5bMJU8hzoxUIeDTOxD5wYbj8FqVXO8s-8Z-691WVFOcBRjRERALQy8NBYfYPCI6WMwIsXCxY1zgvYwDOOfs6NsrQTHe0IcGm0z2L8BMW7pe79SNUzm/s1600/Admussen_Scott_base.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSq_E9zMI2LWNZM8b2XGcOGZGyQ5bMJU8hzoxUIeDTOxD5wYbj8FqVXO8s-8Z-691WVFOcBRjRERALQy8NBYfYPCI6WMwIsXCxY1zgvYwDOOfs6NsrQTHe0IcGm0z2L8BMW7pe79SNUzm/s1600/Admussen_Scott_base.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dormitory at Admussen-Scott Station </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO4xh5I3YYhuKP6UuBdSF6RAT99ctwbe53XLVomRgZHrid2WeejIHoFWKsSFADOiJ0eB8v5nui_h07DeZHbF9NvUoMoN-bUkIJ50tQQ6gM_Kyus9P558_tIfOCxTZHHpHd3-13JoaSXfZt/s1600/Admussen_Scott_base_front.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO4xh5I3YYhuKP6UuBdSF6RAT99ctwbe53XLVomRgZHrid2WeejIHoFWKsSFADOiJ0eB8v5nui_h07DeZHbF9NvUoMoN-bUkIJ50tQQ6gM_Kyus9P558_tIfOCxTZHHpHd3-13JoaSXfZt/s1600/Admussen_Scott_base_front.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another view of the dormitory</td></tr>
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The actual South Pole has to be re-marked each year thanks to the ice-cap shifting. The winter staff includes a machinist, who's jobs include machining a new marker for the following year.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju6-m_sTt2e5MI1UR41cXSIDB2XtKIO1GMokkshHBp6LpqEWb7gygbokprx9-PJCqOSXBMhwDGvkw7fyHfqo-ImiS94ejIQr8-L0Mceyh10Gqu74RZnqFzlxjwJC5FOdhvXA8x8nMuT8Hr/s1600/Actual_pole.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju6-m_sTt2e5MI1UR41cXSIDB2XtKIO1GMokkshHBp6LpqEWb7gygbokprx9-PJCqOSXBMhwDGvkw7fyHfqo-ImiS94ejIQr8-L0Mceyh10Gqu74RZnqFzlxjwJC5FOdhvXA8x8nMuT8Hr/s1600/Actual_pole.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">South Pole Marker for 2012</td></tr>
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There's also a ceremonial pole that looks pretty much like the childhood image that most of us had of the north pole. That's the photo at the top.<br />
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Rogerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11851098266551668063noreply@blogger.com0